AI Field Map

This list is an overview of the institutional side of artificial intelligence, a catalog of the important people, organizations, events, publications, and projects in artificial intelligence research and application.

This is a work in progress. Currently it's just the entries from Wikipedia's "List of artificial intelligence projects" with some key data picked out. The reason I'm starting with the projects is that I want to the list to end up as a web, and the projects are convenient links between the organizations, people, and domain topics. The topics will be a lesser focus of the overall list, but they give the institutional items meaning.

Specialized projects

Brain-inspired

Blue Brain Project, an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.

Google Brain A deep learning project part of Google X attempting to have intelligence similar or equal to human-level.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
- Participants
- Dates
  - Start: 2011

Human Brain Project
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-inspired_computing#Brain-inspired_Computing
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne
- Dates
  - Start: 2013-10-01

NuPIC, an open source implementation by Numenta of its cortical learning algorithm.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenta
- Dates
  - Start: 2013-06

Cognitive architectures

4CAPS, developed at Carnegie Mellon University under Marcel A. Just
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Just
  - Sashank Varma
- Dates

ACT-R, developed at Carnegie Mellon University under John R. Anderson.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)
  - Christian Lebiere
- Dates
  - Start: 1998

AIXI, Universal Artificial Intelligence developed by Marcus Hutter at IDSIA and ANU.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Hutter
- Dates
  - Start: 2000

CALO, a DARPA-funded, 25-institution effort to integrate many artificial intelligence approaches (natural language processing, speech recognition, machine vision, probabilistic logic, planning, reasoning, many forms of machine learning) into an AI assistant that learns to help manage your office environment.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International
- Dates
  - Start: 2003-05
  - End: 2008

CHREST, developed under Fernand Gobet at Brunel University and Peter C. Lane at the University of Hertfordshire.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gobet
  - Peter C. Lane
- Dates

CLARION, developed under Ron Sun at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and University of Missouri.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Sun
- Dates

CoJACK, an ACT-R inspired extension to the JACK multi-agent system that adds a cognitive architecture to the agents for eliciting more realistic (human-like) behaviors in virtual environments.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief-Desire-Intention_software_model
- Participants
  - Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd.
- Dates
  - Start: 1997

Copycat, by Douglas Hofstadter and Melanie Mitchell at the Indiana University.

DUAL, developed at the New Bulgarian University under Boicho Kokinov.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionism
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind
  - decentralized representation
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_algorithm
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boicho_Kokinov
  - Alexander Petrov
  - Georgi Petkov
  - Ivan Vankov
- Dates

FORR developed by Susan L. Epstein at The City University of New York.

IDA and LIDA, implementing Global Workspace Theory, developed under Stan Franklin at the University of Memphis.

OpenCog Prime, developed using the OpenCog Framework.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel
- Dates
  - Start: 2008

Procedural Reasoning System (PRS), developed by Michael Georgeff and Amy L. Lansky at SRI International.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_system
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Georgeff
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_L._Lansky
  - François Félix Ingrand
- Dates

Psi-Theory developed under Dietrich Dörner at the Otto-Friedrich University in Bamberg, Germany.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreading_activation
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_D%C3%B6rner
- Dates

R-CAST, developed at the Pennsylvania State University.

Soar, developed under Allen Newell and John Laird at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Michigan.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Laird
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell
  - Paul Rosenbloom
- Dates
  - Start: 1983

Society of mind and its successor the Emotion machine proposed by Marvin Minsky.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky
- Dates
  - Start: 1986

Subsumption architectures, developed e.g. by Rodney Brooks (though it could be argued whether they are cognitive).

Games

AlphaGo, software developed by Google that plays the Chinese board game Go.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind
- Dates
  - Start: 2014

Chinook, a computer program that plays English draughts; the first to win the world champion title in the competition against humans.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_draughts
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Schaeffer
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lake
  - Paul Lu
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bryant_(programmer)
  - Norman Treloar
- Dates
  - Start: 1989

Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by IBM which beat Garry Kasparov in 1997.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess
- Participants
- Dates
  - Start: 1985

FreeHAL, a self-learning conversation simulator (chatterbot) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations.
- Topics
- Participants
- Dates
  - Start: 2008
  - End: 2012

Halite, an artificial intelligence programming competition created by Two Sigma.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_programming
  - battle
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Sigma
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Tech
  - Benjamin Spector
  - Michael Truell
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-11

Libratus, a poker AI that beat world-class poker players in 2017, intended to be generalisable to other applications.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em
  - counterfactual regret minimization
- Participants
  - Tuomas Sandholm
  - Noam Brown
- Dates
  - Start: 2017-01

Quick, Draw!, an online game developed by Google that challenges players to draw a picture of an object or idea and then uses a neural network to guess what the drawing is.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guessing#Guessing_games
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
  - Jonas Jongejan
  - Henry Rowley
  - Takashi Kawashima
  - Jongmin Kim
  - Ruben Thomson
  - Nick Fox-Gieg
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-11

Stockfish AI, an open source chess engine currently ranked the highest in many computer chess rankings.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%E2%80%93beta_pruning
- Participants
  - Marco Costalba
  - Joona Kiiski
  - Gary Linscott
  - Tord Romstad
- Dates
  - Start: 2008-11-02

TD-Gammon, a program that learned to play world-class backgammon partly by playing against itself (temporal difference learning with neural networks).
- Topics
- Participants
  - Gerald Tesauro
- Dates
  - Start: 1992

Internet activism

Serenata de Amor, project for the analysis of public expenditures and detect discrepancies.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism
- Participants
  - Irio Musskopf
  - Ana Schwendler
  - Pedro Vilanova "Tonny"
  - Bruno Pazzim
  - Filipe Linhares
  - Jessica Temporal
  - Yasodara Córdova "Yaso"
  - Tatiana Balachova "Russa"
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-09-07

Knowledge and reasoning

Braina, an intelligent personal assistant application with a voice interface for Windows OS.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Brainasoft
- Dates

Cyc, an attempt to assemble an ontology and database of everyday knowledge, enabling human-like reasoning.

Eurisko, a language by Douglas Lenat for solving problems which consists of heuristics, including some for how to use and change its heuristics.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_system
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Lenat
- Dates
  - Start: 1976

Google Now, an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in Google's Android and Apple Inc.'s iOS, as well as Google Chrome web browser on personal computers.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
- Dates
  - Start: 2012-07-09

Holmes a new AI created by Wipro.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_computing
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipro
  - Ramprasad K.R. (Rampi)
- Dates
  - Start: 2016

Microsoft Cortana, an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in Microsoft's various Windows 10 editions.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
- Dates
  - Start: 2014-04-02

Mycin, an early medical expert system.

Open Mind Common Sense, a project based at the MIT Media Lab to build a large common sense knowledge base from online contributions.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)
- Participants
- Dates
  - Start: 1999-09

P.A.N., a publicly available text analyzer.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing
- Participants
  - Benjamin Bowes
- Dates
  - Start: 2007

Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator with a voice-interface in Apple Inc.'s iOS and macOS.

SNePS, simultaneously a logic-based, frame-based, and network-based knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Stuart C. Shapiro
- Dates
  - Start: 1968

Viv (software), a new AI by the creators of Siri.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant
- Participants
  - Viv Labs, Inc.
- Dates
  - Start: 2012

Wolfram Alpha, an online service that answers queries by computing the answer from structured data.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research
- Dates
  - Start: 2009-05-18

Motion and manipulation

AIBO, the robot pet for the home, grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL).
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_pet
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshitada_Doi
- Dates
  - Start: 1999-05-11

Cog, a robot developed by MIT to study theories of cognitive science and artificial intelligence, now discontinued.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
- Dates
  - Start: 1993
  - End: 2003

Music

Melomics, a bioinspired technology for music composition and synthesization of music, where computers develop their own style, rather than mimic musicians.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Francisco Vico
- Dates
  - Start: 2012-07

Natural language processing

AIML, an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wallace_(scientist)
- Dates
  - Start: 2001-07-16

Apache Lucene, a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_(computing)
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Cutting
- Dates
  - Start: 1999

Apache OpenNLP, a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking and parsing.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_language_processing_toolkits
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation
- Dates
  - Start: 2004-04-22

Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (A.L.I.C.E.), an award-winning natural language processing chatterbot.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wallace_(scientist)
- Dates
  - Start: 1995-11-23

Cleverbot, successor to Jabberwacky, now with 170m lines of conversation, Deep Context, fuzziness and parallel processing. Cleverbot learns from around 2 million user interactions per month.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_Carpenter
- Dates
  - Start: 1997

ELIZA, a famous 1966 computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum, which parodied person-centered therapy.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum
- Dates
  - Start: 1964
  - End: 1966

Jabberwacky, a chatterbot by Rollo Carpenter, aiming to simulate natural human chat.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_Carpenter
- Dates
  - Start: 1981
  - End: 2008-10

Mycroft, a free and open-source intelligent personal assistant that uses a natural language user interface.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_user_interface
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface
- Participants
  - Ryan Sipes
  - Joshua Montgomery
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-04

PARRY, another early chatterbot, written in 1972 by Kenneth Colby, attempting to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Colby
- Dates
  - Start: 1972
  - End: 1972

SHRDLU, an early natural language processing computer program developed by Terry Winograd at MIT from 1968 to 1970.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_understanding
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocks_world
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd
- Dates
  - Start: 1968
  - End: 1970

SYSTRAN, a machine translation technology by the company of the same name, used by Yahoo!, AltaVista and Google, among others.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation
- Participants
  - Peter Toma
- Dates
  - Start; 1968

Other

1 the Road, the first novel marketed by an AI.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Ross Goodwin
- Dates
  - Start: 2017-03
  - End: 2018

Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations (SEAS), a model of the real world used by Homeland security and the United States Department of Defense that uses simulation and AI to predict and evaluate future events and courses of action.^{[#cite_note-register-1 [1]]}

Multipurpose projects

Software libraries

Apache Mahout, a library of scalable machine learning algorithms.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation
- Dates
  - Start: 2009-04-07

Deeplearning4j, an open-source, distributed deep learning framework written for the JVM.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
- Participants
  - Alex D. Black
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gibson_(computer_scientist)
  - V. Kokorin
  - Josh Patterson
- Dates
  - Start: 2017

Keras, a high level open-source software library for machine learning (works on top of other libraries).
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
- Participants
  - François Chollet
- Dates
  - Start: 2015-03-27

Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit (previously known as CNTK), an open source toolkit for building artificial neural networks.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Research
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-01-25

OpenNN, a comprehensive C++ library implementing neural networks.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
- Participants
  - Artelnics
- Dates
  - Start: 2003

PyTorch, an open-source Tensor and Dynamic neural network in Python.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Adam Paszke
  - Sam Gross
  - Soumith Chintala
  - Gregory Chanan
- Dates
  - Start: 2016-10

TensorFlow, an open-source software library for machine learning.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Brain
- Dates
  - Start: 2015-11-09

Theano, a Python library and optimizing compiler for manipulating and evaluating mathematical expressions, especially matrix-valued ones.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA)
- Dates
  - Start: 2007

GUI frameworks

Neural Designer, a commercial deep learning tool for predictive analytics.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Artelnics
- Dates
  - Start: 2015

Neuroph, a Java neural network framework.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
- Participants
  - Zoran Sevarac
- Dates
  - Start: 2008-09

RapidMiner, an environment for machine learning and data mining, now developed commercially.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Ralf Klinkenberg
  - Ingo Mierswa
  - Simon Fischer
- Dates
  - Start: 2006

Weka, a free implementation of many machine learning algorithms in Java.
- Topics
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikato
- Dates
  - Start: 2018-09-04

Cloud services

Data Applied, a web based data mining environment.
- Topics
- Participants
  - Dominic Pouzin
- Dates
  - Start: 2009

Grok, a service that ingests data streams and creates actionable predictions in real time.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory
- Participants
- Dates
  - Start: 2005-02-04

Watson, a pilot service by IBM to uncover and share data-driven insights, and to spur cognitive applications.
- Topics
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
- Participants
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferrucci
- Dates
  - Start: 2005

AI Field Map

Contents

Specialized projects

Brain-inspired

Cognitive architectures

Games

Internet activism

Knowledge and reasoning

Motion and manipulation

Music

Natural language processing

Other

Multipurpose projects

Software libraries

GUI frameworks

Cloud services

Navigation menu

AI Field Map

Specialized projects

Brain-inspired

Cognitive architectures

Games

Internet activism

Knowledge and reasoning

Motion and manipulation

Music

Natural language processing

Other

Multipurpose projects

Software libraries

GUI frameworks

Cloud services

Navigation menu

Search